INSUBCONTINENT EXCLUSIVE:
Image copyrightReutersFrom his high-rise desk overlooking the sprawling city of Addis Ababa, Markos Lemma has a pretty good view of
things.As the founder of technology innovation hub IceAddis, his co-working space is usually abuzz with wide-eyed entrepreneurs fuelled on
strong coffee and big dreams.But when the internet shuts down, everything is killed in its tracks.Data shared with the TheIndianSubcontinent
by digital rights group Access Now, shows that last year services were deliberately shut down more than 200 times in 33 separate
countries."Traffic around here just stops
No one comes in - or when they do they don't stay for long because without the internet, what are they going to do?" Markos says
"We had a software development contract that was cancelled because we couldn't deliver on time, because there was internet disconnection
We've also [had] situations where international customers think our businesses are ignoring them, but there's nothing we can do
"Image copyrightMarkos LemmaImage caption
Markos Lemma in front of a logo for his co-working space IceAddis
Motorbike drivers wait around, rather than delivering food
Without an internet connection, people cannot order online or on apps, says Markos."Internet shutdowns have a direct consequence on
businesses and people here."Disconnecting the webIt is not just Ethiopia, and the impact is not only economic
Access Now's research shows that blackouts are affecting tens of millions of people all over the world in various ways.Government
officials are able to "switch off" the internet by ordering service providers to block certain areas from receiving signals - or sometimes,
by blocking access to specific web services.Human rights groups are concerned that the measure is becoming a defining tool of government
repression around the world.This new data analysed by the TheIndianSubcontinent suggests that disruption is increasingly linked to times of
protest.It shows that in 2019 the internet was switched off during more than 60 protests, and 12 cases occurred during election
periods.Governments often say a shutdown is to help ensure public safety and to stop the spread of fake news.But critics say they stifle the
The UN declared internet access to be a human right in 2016, and achieving universal access is one target of its Sustainable Development
However, not all leaders subscribe to that idea
In August 2019, Ethiopia's Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed declared that the internet is "not water or air" and that shutdowns would remain an
important tool for national stability.Media playback is unsupported on your deviceMedia captionThe YouTubers stuck offline in
India-administered KashmirMarkos Lemma is still angry about that claim."The government doesn't see the internet as important
I think they really think the internet is just about social media, so they don't really see the economic value of the internet and how that
impacts the economy."India tops the blackout listThe new data for 2019 shows that India had by far the highest number of shutdowns of any
country last year.Mobile data or broadband services were switched off for residents in various parts of the country 121 times, with the
majority (67%) occurring in disputed India-administered Kashmir.Figures show that the central African country of Chad had the longest
shutdown, beginning in 2018 and stretching for more than 15 months.And protesters in Sudan and Iraq found themselves forced to resort to
organising everything offline when their internet was turned off.Media playback is unsupported on your deviceMedia captionJune 2019: Did an
internet blackout kill Sudan's revolution?The impact of each incident varies greatly depending on the scale of the outage: from localised
blocking of social media platforms to countrywide outages of all internet traffic."Throttling" is a form of blackout that is harder to
monitor, and happens when a government slows down data services
They might bump modern, fast 4G, mobile internet down to 1990s-era 2G, making it impossible to share videos or livestream
This happened in May 2019, when the President of Tajikistan admitted to throttling most social networks
including Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, saying they were "vulnerable to terrorist activity".Some countries, like Russia and Iran, are
currently building and testing their own versions of locked-off nationwide internet, thought to be a sign of increased control on the
web.Digital rights group Access Now says: "It seems more and more countries are learning from one another and implementing the nuclear
option of internet shutdowns to silence critics, or perpetrate other human rights violations with no oversight."
