INSUBCONTINENT EXCLUSIVE:
It's the translation of the word "elves" that is central to their new analysis
Based on their consideration of the lines in the context of the sermon (dubbed the Humiliamini sermon) as a whole, Falk and Wade believe the
correct translation is "wolves." The confusion arose, they suggest, because of a scribe's error while transcribing the sermon: specifically,
the letters "y" ("ylves") and "w" became muddled
The sermon focuses on humility, playing up how humans have been debased since Adam and comparing human behaviors to animals: the cunning
deceit of the adder, for example, the pride of lions, the gluttony of pigs, or the plundering of wolves.
The text of the sermon.
Credit:
University of Cambridge
Falk and Wade think translating the word as
"wolves" resolves some of the perplexity surrounding Chaucer's references to Wade
The relevant passage in Troilus and Criseyde concerns Pandarus, uncle to Criseyde, who invites his niece to dinner and regales her with
songs and the "tale of Wade," in hopes of bringing the lovers together
A chivalric romance would serve this purpose better than a Germanic heroic epic evoking "the mythological sphere of giants and monsters,"
the authors argue.The new translation makes more sense of the reference in The Merchant's Tale, too, in which an old knight argues for
marrying a young woman rather than an older one because the latter are crafty and spin fables
The knight thus marries a much younger woman and ends up cuckolded
"The tale becomes, effectively, an origin myth for all women knowing 'so muchel craft on Wades boot,'" the authors wrote.And while they
acknowledge that the evidence is circumstantial, Falk and Wade think they've identified the author of the Humiliamini sermon: late medieval
writer Alexander Neckam, or perhaps an acolyte imitating his arguments and writing style.Review of English Studies, 2025
