It's a regrettable reality that there is never time to cover all the interesting scientific stories we come across each month.
In the past, we've featured year-end roundups of cool science stories we (almost) missed.
This year, we're experimenting with a monthly collection.
April's list includes new research on tattooed tardigrades, the first live image of a colossal baby squid, the digital unfolding of a recently discovered Merlin manuscript, and an ancient Roman gladiator whose skeleton shows signs of being gnawed by a lion.
Puncture injuries by large felid scavenging.
Credit: Thompson et al., 2025/PLOS One/CC-BY 4.0 Popular depictions of Roman gladiators in combat invariably include battling not just human adversaries but wild animals.
We know from surviving texts, imagery, and artifacts that such battles likely took place.
But hard physical evidence is much more limited.
Archaeologists have now found the first direct osteological evidence: the skeleton of a Roman gladiator who encountered a wild animal in the arena, most likely a lion, based on bite marks evident on the pelvic bone, according to a paper published in the journal PLoS ONE.The skeleton in question was that of a young man, age 26 to 35, buried between 200300 CE near what is now York, England, formerly the Roman city of Eboracum.
It's one of several such skeletons, mostly young men whose remains showed signs of traumahence the suggestion that it could be a gladiator burial site.
"We used a method called structured light scanning [to study the skeleton]," co-author Tim Thompson of Maynooth University told Ars.
"It's a method of creating a 3D model using grids of light.
It's not like X-ray or CT, in that it only records the surface (not internal) features, but since it uses light and not X-rays etc, it is much safer, cheaper, and more portable.
We have published a fair bit on this and shown its use in both archaeological and forensic contexts."The team compared the pelvic lesions found on the subject skeleton with bite marks from modern animal specimens and concluded that the young man had been bitten by a "large feline species," most likely a lion scavenging on the body around the time of death.
The young man was decapitated after death for unknown reasons, although this was a ritualistic practice for some people during the Roman period.
While the evidence is technically circumstantial, "we are confident with our conclusions," said Thompson.
"We've adopted a multidisciplinary approach to address this issue and have drawn on methods from different subjects, too.
Our use of contemporary comparison zoological material is really what gives us the confidence."squid1-1152x648.jpg?#